Likely a rare variant of Katherine, a Greek-derived name associated with purity.
Caternia is another rare variant in the Katherine family, ultimately linked to the Greek idea of purity. It has the feel of a name that has traveled through spelling change and local variation, gathering a slightly formal, slightly ornate shape along the way.
As a given name, Caternia sounds classical but uncommon, with a refined and somewhat stately rhythm. It does not feel trendy; instead it feels like a cousin of older European forms that has taken a less traveled route. That gives Caternia a dignified rarity. The name is familiar in ancestry, but unusual in presentation.