French/archaic form of Solomon, from Hebrew 'shalom' meaning peace; the wise biblical king.
Salomon is the continental European form of Solomon, one of the most storied names in the Abrahamic world. Rooted in the Hebrew 'Shlomo,' from 'shalom' meaning peace, the name was carried most famously by the biblical King Solomon of Israel — son of David and Bathsheba — who ruled in the 10th century BCE and became legendary for his extraordinary wisdom, his vast wealth, his magnificent Temple in Jerusalem, and his authorship of three books of the Hebrew Bible: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs. The name thus arrived into Western culture carrying nearly mythic freight.
The Salomon spelling flourished particularly in French, Spanish, German, and Jewish communities throughout the medieval and early modern periods. Jewish scholars and philosophers named Salomon appear throughout medieval Europe — most notably the French rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki, known by his acronym Rashi, whose influence on biblical commentary is immeasurable, though he wrote under his Hebrew name. In the secular world, Salomon de Brosse was a celebrated French architect of the early 17th century, and the Salomon family name became prominent in European banking and finance, most famously through the Salomon Brothers institution.
In modern usage, Salomon has a distinctly cosmopolitan quality, common in French-speaking Africa, Latin America, and among Sephardic Jewish communities. It carries the weight of Solomon's legendary wisdom while wearing a slightly different coat — more Baroque, more Old World, less immediately Biblical to English-speaking ears. It is a name of enormous intellectual and historical dignity.